The Term “Sart” in Central Asian Historiography
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17605/cajssh.v5i7.1134Keywords:
Sart, Central Asian historiography, Ethnonym, Uzbek identity, Ethnic consolidation, Socio-ethnic terminology, National identity, Historiography, Central Asia, Ethnic historyAbstract
The term "Sart" holds contested significance in Central Asian historiography, encompassing ethnic, social, and linguistic dimensions. Historically associated with ancient Uzbek ethnonyms, its usage evolved, particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries, sparking debates among Russian and local scholars. Despite its widespread application, the term was often an externally imposed identifier, resisted by intellectuals like Sherali Lapin and Makhmudhoja Bekhbudi. Addressing the knowledge gap on its historical transformations, this study employs a historical-ethnographic method, analyzing primary sources, field studies, and academic discourse. Findings reveal that "Sart" lost relevance amid early 20th-century ethnic consolidation, reflecting broader processes of national identity formation in Central Asia. These results underscore how socio-political dynamics shape ethnic terminology, offering valuable insights for understanding identity construction in regional historiography.
References
[1] N. P. Ostroumov, Sarty: Etnograficheskie Materialy, vol. 1, Tashkent: 1890.
[2] A. Askarov, Ethnogenesis and Ethnic History of the Uzbek People, Tashkent: University Press, 2007.
[3] V. V. Barthold, "O Prepodavanii Tuzemnykh Narechiy v Samarkande," in Sochineniya, vol. 2, pt. 2, Moscow: 1964, pp. 120–145.
[4] Sh. Lapin, "O Znachenie i Proishkhozhdenie Slova 'Sart' (Po Povodu Zametki V. Bartolda)," Turkestan Vedomosti, no. 36, 38, 39, 1894.
[5] V. V. Barthold, "Vmesto Otveta G-nu Lapinu," in Sochineniya, vol. 2, pt. 2, Moscow: 1964, pp. 146–150.
[6] N. P. Ostroumov, Sarty: Etnograficheskie Materialy (Public Essay), Tashkent: 1908.
[7] A. Samoylovich, "K Voprosu o Sartakh," Zhivaya Starina, vol. 3, pp. 45–52, 1910.
[8] M. Gavrilov, "The Origin of the Word 'Sart'," Turkestan Vedomosti, no. 236, 1912.
[9] M. Bekhbudi, "The Word Sart is Passive," Oyna, no. 22, Mar. 22, 1914.
[10] D. A. Alimova and D. A. Rashidova, Makhmudhoja Bekhbudi and His Historical Thinking, Tashkent: 1999.
[11] Mullah Abdullabek, "The Word Sart is Known," Sadoi Fergana, no. 30, 1914.
[12] Anonymous, "The Word Sart Was Not Known," Oyna, no. 39, Jul. 19, 1914.
[13] M. B. Dillard, et al., "The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) Does Not Promote Mindlessness During Vigilance Performance," Human Factors, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1364–1379, 2014.
[14] T. Manly, et al., "The Absent Mind: Further Investigations of Sustained Attention to Response," Neuropsychologia, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 661–670, 1999.
[15] J. Smallwood, et al., "Encoding During the Attentional Lapse: Accuracy of Encoding During the Semantic Sustained Attention to Response Task," Consciousness and Cognition, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 218–231, 2006.
[16] I. H. Robertson, et al., "Oops! Performance Correlates of Everyday Attentional Failures in Traumatic Brain Injured and Normal Subjects," Neuropsychologia, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 747–758, 1997.
[17] K. Barzykowski, et al., "Cognitive Inhibition Behavioral Tasks in Online and Laboratory Settings: Data from Stroop, SART and Eriksen Flanker Tasks," Data in Brief, vol. 43, p. 108398, 2022.
[18] M. E. Cavallaro, A. Schiavano, and G. Alegi, "Kazakh National Identity (1917–2017)," unpublished.
[19] O. Musaev, et al., "Socio-Philosophical Interpretations of Such Concepts as 'Ethnos' and 'Nation' as Social Units," International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1936–1944, 2020.
[20] R. Dwivedi, Resurgence of Cultural Identity in Central Asia: The Case Studies of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Ph.D. dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ., New Delhi, 1996.
[21] N. P. Koptseva, N. A. Bakhova, and N. V. Medyantseva, "Classical and Contemporary Approaches to Ethno-Cultural Studies: The Kernel of Ethnos," Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 615–632, 2011.
[22] L. Riga, "Identity and Empire: The Making of the Bolshevik Elite, 1880–1917," unpublished, 2000.
[23] A. Ualtaeva and M. Pernekulova, "The Role of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan in Strengthening Interethnic Tolerance," Electronic Scientific Journal 'edu. e-history.kz', vol. 2, pp. 492–501, 2020.
[24] D. Heijs, "The Gardening States: Comparing State Repression of Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Union and Turkey, 1908–1945," Full Issue, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 63–79, 2018.
[25] G. Chynykeeva, et al., "The Southern Region of Kyrgyzstan: Modernity and Ethnic-Demographic Development," Open Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1–12, 2020.
[2] A. Askarov, Ethnogenesis and Ethnic History of the Uzbek People, Tashkent: University Press, 2007.
[3] V. V. Barthold, "O Prepodavanii Tuzemnykh Narechiy v Samarkande," in Sochineniya, vol. 2, pt. 2, Moscow: 1964, pp. 120–145.
[4] Sh. Lapin, "O Znachenie i Proishkhozhdenie Slova 'Sart' (Po Povodu Zametki V. Bartolda)," Turkestan Vedomosti, no. 36, 38, 39, 1894.
[5] V. V. Barthold, "Vmesto Otveta G-nu Lapinu," in Sochineniya, vol. 2, pt. 2, Moscow: 1964, pp. 146–150.
[6] N. P. Ostroumov, Sarty: Etnograficheskie Materialy (Public Essay), Tashkent: 1908.
[7] A. Samoylovich, "K Voprosu o Sartakh," Zhivaya Starina, vol. 3, pp. 45–52, 1910.
[8] M. Gavrilov, "The Origin of the Word 'Sart'," Turkestan Vedomosti, no. 236, 1912.
[9] M. Bekhbudi, "The Word Sart is Passive," Oyna, no. 22, Mar. 22, 1914.
[10] D. A. Alimova and D. A. Rashidova, Makhmudhoja Bekhbudi and His Historical Thinking, Tashkent: 1999.
[11] Mullah Abdullabek, "The Word Sart is Known," Sadoi Fergana, no. 30, 1914.
[12] Anonymous, "The Word Sart Was Not Known," Oyna, no. 39, Jul. 19, 1914.
[13] M. B. Dillard, et al., "The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) Does Not Promote Mindlessness During Vigilance Performance," Human Factors, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1364–1379, 2014.
[14] T. Manly, et al., "The Absent Mind: Further Investigations of Sustained Attention to Response," Neuropsychologia, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 661–670, 1999.
[15] J. Smallwood, et al., "Encoding During the Attentional Lapse: Accuracy of Encoding During the Semantic Sustained Attention to Response Task," Consciousness and Cognition, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 218–231, 2006.
[16] I. H. Robertson, et al., "Oops! Performance Correlates of Everyday Attentional Failures in Traumatic Brain Injured and Normal Subjects," Neuropsychologia, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 747–758, 1997.
[17] K. Barzykowski, et al., "Cognitive Inhibition Behavioral Tasks in Online and Laboratory Settings: Data from Stroop, SART and Eriksen Flanker Tasks," Data in Brief, vol. 43, p. 108398, 2022.
[18] M. E. Cavallaro, A. Schiavano, and G. Alegi, "Kazakh National Identity (1917–2017)," unpublished.
[19] O. Musaev, et al., "Socio-Philosophical Interpretations of Such Concepts as 'Ethnos' and 'Nation' as Social Units," International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1936–1944, 2020.
[20] R. Dwivedi, Resurgence of Cultural Identity in Central Asia: The Case Studies of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Ph.D. dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ., New Delhi, 1996.
[21] N. P. Koptseva, N. A. Bakhova, and N. V. Medyantseva, "Classical and Contemporary Approaches to Ethno-Cultural Studies: The Kernel of Ethnos," Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 615–632, 2011.
[22] L. Riga, "Identity and Empire: The Making of the Bolshevik Elite, 1880–1917," unpublished, 2000.
[23] A. Ualtaeva and M. Pernekulova, "The Role of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan in Strengthening Interethnic Tolerance," Electronic Scientific Journal 'edu. e-history.kz', vol. 2, pp. 492–501, 2020.
[24] D. Heijs, "The Gardening States: Comparing State Repression of Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Union and Turkey, 1908–1945," Full Issue, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 63–79, 2018.
[25] G. Chynykeeva, et al., "The Southern Region of Kyrgyzstan: Modernity and Ethnic-Demographic Development," Open Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1–12, 2020.
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Published
2024-11-21
How to Cite
Abdullaev, U. . (2024). The Term “Sart” in Central Asian Historiography. Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History, 5(7), 276–281. https://doi.org/10.17605/cajssh.v5i7.1134
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