Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History

The Strategic Role of Ancient Termez At The Crossroads of The Great Silk Road: Cultural Exchange, Trade, and Urban Development

Toshmamatov Azizbek Tohir O’g’li — Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Surkhandarya Province situated on the cross-roads of ancient civilizations in South Uzbekistan is one of the most diverse cultural landscapes in Central Asia. This region was a crucial part of both the ancient Great Silk Road - and its corridors saw an active exchange of goods and products, religious beliefs and art. History Surkhandarya was a host for early Buddhist cultural centers such as that of Fayaztepa which was the center of the Greco-Buddhist Culture along with Khalchayan. Other notable sights include a fortified tower located in Sariosiyo and Dulmurod's house (early 19th century) built in traditional architectural style. With these monuments beside it, the region retained such strong traditions of pottery production, carpet weaving, and embroidery as defined much of its cultural identity. However, one way of doing this is by undertaking a comparative historical analysis alongside a descriptive examination of material culture. Materials The materials used in this study were archaeological and inscriptive data, archival documents, and local craft studies which were integrated to track the developments emplaced over different historical phases. Results testified that the Tavka fortress represented a customs point of the Silk Road with unique mural paintings; Karatepa and Fayoztepa Buddhist centers with multilingual inscriptions and sculptural appearance became eminent on their time, whilst Kirqqiz complex was an early scientific and astronomical institution. Although alternating periods of decline and revival occured, crafts on the local level preserved peculiar stylistic features and socio-cultural relevance. Multilayered historical and cultural heritage of Surkhandarya as a testimony to longstanding interaction, continuity of artistic traditions and spiritual history, testament of the need for preservation sites and crafts.

International Cooperation in Nuclear Energy Through the Prism of IAEA Standards

Rahmonov Jaloliddin — Thu, 15 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A peaceful use of atomic energy requires international cooperation, security, safety, and nonproliferation standards. International atomic energy cooperation is influenced by IAEA standards. As an international safety authority, the IAEA develops standards and guidelines that become national standards. Using IAEA statutory mandates, security conventions, and nuclear project cases, our analysis compares soft law standards with international obligations that are mandatory. Despite not being legally binding, IAEA security standards are global pillars of nuclear security. The standards contribute to a common security culture, allow for technology exchange with strict guarantees, and are often incorporated into bilateral and multilateral agreements. International nuclear cooperation cannot be safe and effective without adhering to the standards set by the IAEA Atomic Energy Bank, new nuclear energy programs, and expert evaluation missions. Standards from the IAEA aren't formally voluntary, but they are often incorporated into national laws and international agreements, making atomic energy more secure, safe, and resilient.

Implementation of The Basic Immunization Program at The Alabio Health Center, Sungai Pandan Subdistrict, North Hulu Sungai Regency

M. Husaini, Haji Mukti Ramadhani, Lily Misliani — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Immunization coverage is a very important factor in the Implementation of the Basic Immunization Program at the Alabio Inpatient Health Center, Sungai Pandan District, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, including low coverage of IPV immunization for infants before one year of age, low coverage of Penta Boster and MR immunizations for Baduta and there are no sanctions for those who refuse to have their children immunized. This study aims to determine the implementation of the immunization program and the factors that influence the implementation of the immunization program at the Alabio Inpatient Health Center. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive qualitative research type. Data collection techniques are interviews, observation and documentation. Sources of data in this study were taking informants from the Alabio Health Center, the Health Office and the community, totaling 10 people with a purposive sampling technique. After the data is collected, it is then analyzed using techniques including data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Data credibility tests include extending observations, increasing persistence, using reference materials and member checking. The results showed that the implementation of the Immunization Program at the Alabio Inpatient Health Center was not optimal, because the clarity of program goals or objectives was not fully understood by the community, some children had not received immunization services based on predetermined targets, there were no regional regulations that supported the immunization program, PMK did not mentioning in detail about the sanctions for refusing immunization, the lack of participation from the community, especially as targeted recipients and AEFI cases that affect social conditions in society. Besides that, the factors that influence the implementation of the Immunization Program at the Alabio Health Center are supporting factors such as the commitment and expertise of policy implementers as administrators of the immunization program. Inhibiting factors include resistance from some communities as target recipients, clarity of regulations regarding sanctions for those who refuse immunization and decreased public trust in immunization due to the influence of AEFI (Post-Immunization Follow-up Events). Implementation of the Immunization Program at the Alabio Health Center in Sungai Pandan District, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, so that it can be optimal, it is suggested to the Head of the North Hulu Sungai Health Service to make special rules regarding sanctions, to the Head of the Puskesmas to be able to innovate in terms of providing outreach to increase community support or in terms of providing an understanding of AEFI, to the Village Head increasing support and facilitating the immunization program through Posyandu Cadres, so as to increase trust and awareness from the community and lastly for the community to always be aware of the consequences of the dangers of a disease and can be prevented by immunization.

Effectiveness of Village Fund Management in Development in Banyu Tajun Hulu Village, Sungai Pandan District, North Hulu Sungai Regency

M Ridha Anshari, M. Noor Fuadi, Mawarti — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Village Funds are funds sourced from the Regency Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget which are allocated with the aim of equitable distribution of financial capabilities between villages to fund village needs in the context of administering government and development as well as community services, the background of this research problem is the ineffective use of Village Funds in the context of development Village according to Village needs and timeliness that is not appropriate in the use of village funds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Village Fund management in Banyu Tajun Hulu Village, Sungai Pandan District, Hulu Sungai Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive-qualitative research type. Sources of research data take informants totaling 17 people with purposive sampling technique (purpose). Data collection techniques used interviews, observation and documentation. After the data has been collected, it is analyzed using techniques including data reduction, data presentation, and verification/drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the effectiveness of the Village Fund management in development in Banyu Tajun Hulu Village, Sungai Pandan District, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency is quite effective. This can be seen from several indicators: First, the accuracy in carrying out orders includes aspects of the ability to give orders that are quite effective and clear by the Village Head To village officials with orders that are easily understood by subordinates, Second, accuracy in determining goals related to the goals that have been set systematically. effective and appropriate management of village funds for village development, Third, target accuracy is related to effective and precise targeting in the management of village funds for the benefit of Banyu Tajun Hulu village development, Fourth, less effective timeliness because there are several activities that cannot be completed at the specified time due to a lack of budget funds, and Fifth, the accuracy of the calculation of costs is related to the accuracy in determining the calculation of development costs and community empowerment which are less effective. Factors that affect the effectiveness of Village Fund management in Development in Banyu Tajun Hulu Village Sungai Pandan District Hulu Sungai Utara Regency include two factors: One driving factor in setting costs for community empowerment, two abilities to give clear orders, three commands that are easily understood by subordinates , Four Properly Defined Goals, Five Development Goals, Six Community Empowerment Goals, Seven Accuracy in Prioritizing Goals and Obstacles One Timeliness, Two Timeliness, Three Accuracy in Setting Development Costs. To improve the effectiveness of village fund management in Banyu Tajun Hulu Village, Sungai Pandan District, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, it is suggested to the Village Head to immediately fix the planning for the use of village funds and village officials to develop plans in accordance with village development goals and the community to be more active in participating in village development.

Community Satisfaction Index (CSI) Regarding Outpatient Services at UPTD Puskesmas Batumandi Subdistrict, Balangan District

Norhidayah, Nasripani, Anna Maryati — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research is motivated by service problems in the unclear way of online registration due to lack of information or the information provided should reach the community quickly and accurately, waiting rooms for people who are outside the room so they complain about the heat, parking lots that are still makeshift, and officers who are still lacking in discipline for providing prompt and good service to patients. Based on the above, this study aims to determine the Community Satisfaction Index (IKM) for Outpatient Services at the UPTD Puskesmas Batumandi Sub District, Balangan District. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative, with a sample of 98 respondents. Collecting data in this study by means of observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The sampling technique used is incidental sampling. In analyzing the data using general guidelines for compiling the Community Satisfaction Index. The results showed that the Community Satisfaction Index (IKM) for Outpatient Services at the UPTD Puskesmas Batumandi Sub District, Balangan District obtained an index value of 3.25 and the community satisfaction index value after being converted was 81.1 so that the service quality was "B" Based on the results of research conducted , the Community Satisfaction Index (IKM) value for Outpatient Services at the UPTD Puskesmas Batumandi Sub District, Balangan District has reached a "good" value. By knowing the quality values at the Batumandi Health Center, overall good results were obtained, although in some elements there were still some that did not meet the values for each element that had been listed in Permenpan No.16 of 2014, so the researchers provided advice to the Head of UPTD Batumandi Health Center to improve facilities and infrastructure, for example by improving and clarifying better service flow so that new patients can easily understand it and adding or repairing parking lots. to employees to be more disciplined in providing services, and to provide services in accordance with what has been promised to the community.