Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History

The Effectiveness of Teaching the Question Circle Strategy in Acquiring Historical Concepts among Fifth Grade Female Students

2025-08-22T02:00:26+00:00

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of teaching the question circle strategy in acquiring historical concepts among fifth-grade female students. The sample consisted of (60) female students from the fifth-grade literary stream. To achieve the research objective, the researcher prepared a test of (60) multiple-choice items, distributed over (20) concepts in the historical subject, at three levels (defining the concept, distinguishing the concept, applying the concept). The researchers verified its validity and reliability. After applying the test to the research sample members, collecting the data, and analyzing it statistically using Pearson's correlation coefficient and the t-test for two independent samples, the researcher reached the following results:

The experimental group taught using the question circle strategy outperformed the control group taught using the traditional method in Historical Concepts Acquisition Test.
The question circle strategy proved effective in acquiring historical concepts for fifth-grade literary students compared to the traditional method.

Issues of Legal Regulation of the Economic Mechanism of Land Protection

2025-08-18T12:47:45+00:00

This study examines the legal regulation of economic mechanisms for land protection in the Republic of Uzbekistan within the context of democratic state-building and market-based reforms. The research analyzes the current legislative framework governing land use payments, financing of protection measures, and economic incentives for sustainable land management. Through comprehensive analysis of existing legislation including the Land Code, Tax Code, and relevant government decrees, this paper identifies three key components of the economic mechanism: fee determination and collection for land use and pollution, financing of land protection measures, and provision of economic incentives through tax benefits. The study reveals that Uzbekistan's total land area encompasses 44,892.4 thousand hectares, with irrigated land comprising 4,342.5 thousand hectares (9.7% of total area). The research demonstrates that effective economic mechanisms are crucial for rational land use, given the growing population and diminishing fertile land resources in Central Asia. The findings indicate that current land legislation establishes comprehensive payment procedures through annual land taxes and rental systems, with rates determined by land quality, location, and water supply levels. The study concludes by proposing a comprehensive definition of the economic mechanism of land protection as a legal institution encompassing norms for payment determination, financing protection measures, and economic stimulation of operators. This research contributes to understanding the legal framework necessary for effective land resource management and environmental protection in Uzbekistan's developing economy.

WTO at the Crossroads: Legal Challenges and Strategic Responses in a Fragmented Trade Order

2025-08-18T12:28:20+00:00

The World Trade Organization (WTO) faces unprecedented challenges, including a paralyzed dispute settlement system, fragmented trade rules, and stalled multilateral negotiations. These issues have led to a rise in regional trade agreements and unilateral trade measures, undermining the WTO's core principles of consensus and global trade liberalization. This article examines the WTO's legal challenges, the impact of geoeconomic tensions, and the strategic responses being proposed to reform the organization. It also explores the future of multilateral trade governance, emphasizing the urgent need for institutional reform to prevent further fragmentation and preserve the WTO's central role in global trade. The article diagnoses legal and institutional weaknesses that have pushed the WTO toward fragmentation, maps the geopolitical and policy drivers behind rising regionalism and unilateralism, and sets out pragmatic legal and governance responses to restore effective multilateral rulemaking and dispute settlement. Results Through doctrinal analysis, case studies, and negotiation record review, it identifies Appellate Body paralysis, consensus-induced gridlock, substantive rule gaps (subsidies, industrial policy, digital trade, state enterprises), and the rise of plurilateral and regional alternatives, and it proposes a two-track set of remedies combining immediate operational fixes (interim appellate arrangements, targeted interpretive clarifications, temporary plurilateral bridges) with phased institutional reforms (procedural adjustments, enhanced transparency, capacity building). The study’s contribution lies in integrating legal doctrine, political‑economy diagnosis, and institutional design into a cohesive, sequenced reform roadmap that prioritizes legally implementable interim mechanisms while setting criteria for deeper governance change. Implications Adoption of the proposed measures could arrest further fragmentation, enable coordinated responses to supply‑chain, climate, and digital regulation challenges, and rebuild the WTO’s normative centrality; conversely, failure to pursue the reforms risks entrenching competing governance forums, eroding dispute settlement predictability, and weakening multilateral trade governance.

International Legal Foundations for The Use of Transboundary Water Resources

2025-08-16T08:09:43+00:00

This article analyzes the international legal foundations for the use of transboundary water resources. The author examines international treaties, regulations, and conventions on the effective and equitable use of transboundary rivers and water basins. Legal mechanisms for resolving disputes arising between states in the use of water resources are also analyzed. The article also highlights Uzbekistan's practices in this field and prospects for international cooperation. The study reveals the importance of international legal norms for the sustainable use of water resources. The study further argues that effective governance of transboundary water resources requires not only binding treaties but also flexible cooperative frameworks that accommodate changing climatic and socio-economic conditions. Drawing on comparative analysis of global instruments such as the UN Watercourses Convention, the UNECE Water Convention, and regional agreements, the article identifies best practices for establishing equitable allocation principles, procedural obligations for information exchange, and joint monitoring mechanisms. By linking normative analysis with practical policy proposals, the research underscores the centrality of international legal norms and cooperative mechanisms in preventing conflict, fostering equitable use, and securing resilient water governance for downstream and upstream communities alike.

The Impact of Remittances on Household Consumption in Central Asia

2025-08-15T19:32:29+00:00

Remittances serve as a critical financial lifeline for households in developing countries, often surpassing foreign direct investment and official development aid, yet their long-term developmental role remains debated. In Central Asia, and particularly in Uzbekistan, remittances flow predominantly through regional migration corridors, influencing household consumption patterns in ways that diverge from other migration contexts. While the poverty-alleviating effects of remittances are documented, less is known about their relationship to broader macroeconomic indicators such as GNI growth, inflation, unemployment, and domestic credit in Central Asia. This study investigates the correlation between remittance inflows and household consumption growth in five Central Asian countries from 2006–2022, with a focus on Uzbekistan. Findings reveal significant cross-country differences: Uzbekistan exhibited the highest average consumption growth (13.5%) despite the highest remittance volatility, while Kazakhstan had high remittance growth but the lowest consumption growth. In Uzbekistan, consumption growth strongly correlated with GNI growth (0.872) and remittances (0.809), while inflation negatively correlated with both. Domestic credit showed strong positive links with GNI and remittances. The study highlights Uzbekistan’s relative resilience to remittance volatility, suggesting structural or alternative income sources that buffer household spending from external shocks. The results underscore the need for policies that stabilize income, control inflation, and expand access to credit to enhance the welfare and economic stability of remittance-receiving households, while future research should employ causal models to refine understanding of remittance-driven consumption dynamics.