Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History

Food Security and Economic Development in Nigeria. DOLS Approach

2026-07-25T14:53:17+00:00

This study examined the link between food security and economic development in Nigeria from 1980 to 2025. The indicators used are per capital income as dependent variable while dietary energy supply, food accessibility, food availability, food utilization, food production value and food stability are the independent variables. The data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) satistical bulletin. The study employed the dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) and the R2 result is 0.568510 or 56 % in absolute term. The DW statistics indicates the findings could be used for policy formulation given the value of 1. 643283 or close to 2. The study concludes that food security index proxy such as dietary energy supply, food accessibility, food availability, food utilization, food production value and food stability significantly impacts on the economic development of the Nigeria. The study recommends government intervention in the economy by giving loans to farmers and ensuring steady electricity supply in the economy as this will lead to better performances in Nigeria.

Search for World Peace Through Disarmament, Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 1899–2024

2026-07-21T12:39:35+00:00

Since ancient times, wars have been fought by people using arms. The type and number of arms used determined the outcomes of wars and the prestige of nations. Hence, nations continued to develop more sophisticated arms and means of their deployment. Primitive man used stones and clubs as arms. In the Middle Ages, cudgels, cannons, barbed arrows, bolt-action magazine rifles and others were used. The 20th century witnessed the use of more advanced ones, including pump-action rifles, machine guns, rocket launchers, armoured tanks and the atomic bomb. Use of these arms in wars caused many deaths and colossal damage to societies. Due to these impacts, collective efforts have been made by nations and organizations to reduce the cache of arms in state armouries and their use. Notwithstanding, nations have continued to pursue the development of weapons of mass destruction and new methods of their deployment in wars. These trends posed great danger to world peace and security. This study historicises the evolutionary trends of disarmament regulatory frameworks. It utilized an interdisciplinary methodology. Books, journal articles and internet sources on History, Diplomacy and International Relations were utilized. Relevant information in the sources was obtained through library studies and internet browsing; the material was then studied and analysed. The research showed that some states fail to adhere to disarmament regulatory frameworks. This development is responsible for the increase of atomic, biological and chemical (ABC) weapons and terrorist groups in the world. Again, the 21st century has experienced the deployment of arms through computers and drones.

Career Guidance, Self-Awareness and Occupational Preferences Among Senior Secondary School Students in Rivers State

2026-07-20T12:10:50+00:00

This study examines the relationship between career guidance, self-awareness, and occupational preferences among senior secondary school students in Rivers State, Nigeria. A descriptive correlational research design was adopted for the study. The population consisted of 38,420 Senior Secondary School II students in public secondary schools in Rivers State, while a sample size of 395 students was selected using Taro Yamane's formula and multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire titled Career Guidance, Self-Awareness and Occupational Preference Questionnaire (CGSAOPQ). The instrument was validated by experts in Guidance and Counselling and Measurement and Evaluation, while its reliability was established using Cronbach's Alpha with coefficients of 0.81, 0.79, and 0.83 for career guidance, self-awareness, and occupational preferences respectively. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed a significant relationship between career guidance and occupational preferences among senior secondary school students. The results also showed a significant relationship between self-awareness and occupational preferences. In addition, career guidance and self-awareness jointly showed a significant relationship with students' occupational preferences. Based on these findings, the study concluded that career guidance and self-awareness play significant roles in shaping students' occupational preferences. The study recommended strengthening career guidance programmes and promoting self-awareness activities in secondary schools to assist students in making informed career decisions.

Income and Household Consumption Expenditure in Nigeria: An ECM Approach

2026-07-20T10:41:14+00:00

This study examined the relationship between income and household consumption expenditure in Nigeria from 1980 to 2025. Key independent variables are aggregate savings, interest rate, inflation rate, national income and population size while household consumption expenditure is the dependent variable. Data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical bulletin and the analysis employed the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) Unit root test to co-integration and the Error Correction Mechanism model to ensure data stationarity of short-run connections. The ECM result of -0.700588 or 70 % indicate the speed of adjustment from the long run to its short dynamics. Results also discovered that R² is 0.670144 (67 %) meaning that the various independent variables explain 67 % of the variations in the dependent variable. The study concludes that improving household expenditure and standard of living in Nigeria will depend on strengthening the country's household income is vital and essential goods should be made available to the teeming population and finally, policies aiming on job creation, inflation reduction, and exchange rate stability would help to increase household consumption expenditure in Nigeria.

The Iran–United States Conflict in the Middle East: Implications for Global Energy Security, Peace, and Stability

2026-07-20T08:44:21+00:00

The ongoing U.S.-Israel-Iran war in the Middle East has critical implications for global energy security, peace, and stability. The study which relied on secondary data is anchored in complexity theory, the conflict is understood not as a linear event but as a dynamic, adaptive system where interacting actors, energy markets, shipping routes, and geopolitical interests produce emergent and often unpredictable outcomes viewing the premise upon which the war is situated. The region, particularly Israel and America has considered the activities of Iranian supreme leader and government as threat to global security. As a result the US considered the situation as disturbing and needed to redress. The region remains central to global energy architecture, with the Strait of Hormuz alone handling roughly 20% of global oil consumption and 30% of seaborne crude shipments. Iran's threats and partial restrictions on the strait have triggered immediate supply disruptions, with the International Energy Agency warning of a potential drop of up to 8 million barrels per day and prices surging above $100 per barrel if tensions persist. This study examines the root causes and effects of the U.S.-Iran rivalry on oil price volatility, energy supply chains, and economic stability in import-dependent states, while assessing the role of international organizations such as OPEC in crisis mitigation. Findings show that small perturbations in the Strait of Hormuz cascade through interconnected financial, trade, and security systems, amplifying risk. The study recommends diversifying energy sources, strengthening international cooperation and emergency response mechanisms, promoting energy efficiency, and accelerating investment in renewables to reduce systemic vulnerability to chokepoint shocks and enhance long-term global energy security.